In this paper we prove Gamma-convergence of a nonlocal perimeter of Minkowski type to a local anisotropic perimeter. The nonlocal model describes the regularizing effect of adversarial training in binary classifications. The energy essentially depends on the interaction between two distributions modelling likelihoods for the associated classes. We overcome typical strict regularity assumptions for the distributions by only assuming that they have bounded $BV$ densities. In the natural topology coming from compactness, we prove Gamma-convergence to a weighted perimeter with weight determined by an anisotropic function of the two densities. Despite being local, this sharp interface limit reflects classification stability with respect to adversarial perturbations. We further apply our results to deduce Gamma-convergence of the associated total variations, to study the asymptotics of adversarial training, and to prove Gamma-convergence of graph discretizations for the nonlocal perimeter.

我们在非参数二进制分类的一个对抗性训练问题之间建立了等价性，以及规范器是非识别范围功能的正则化风险最小化问题。由此产生的正常风险最小化问题允许在图像分析和基于图形学习中常常研究的$ L ^ 1 + $（非本地）$ \ Operatorvers {TV} $的精确凸松弛。这种重构揭示了丰富的几何结构，这反过来允许我们建立原始问题的最佳解决方案的一系列性能，包括存在最小和最大解决方案（以合适的意义解释），以及常规解决方案的存在（也以合适的意义解释）。此外，我们突出了对抗性训练和周长最小化问题的联系如何为涉及周边/总变化的正规风险最小化问题提供一种新颖的直接可解释的统计动机。我们的大部分理论结果与用于定义对抗性攻击的距离无关。

Lipschitz Learning是一种基于图的半监督学习方法，其中一个人通过在加权图上求解Infinity Laplace方程来扩展标签到未标记的数据集的标签。在这项工作中，随着顶点的数量生长到无穷大，我们证明了图形无穷大行道方程的解决方案的统一收敛速率。它们的连续内容是绝对最小化LipsChitz扩展，即关于从图形顶点采样图形顶点的域的测地度量。我们在图表权重的非常一般的假设下工作，标记顶点的集合和连续域。我们的主要贡献是，即使对于非常稀疏的图形，我们也获得了定量的收敛速率，因为它们通常出现在半监督学习等应用中。特别是，我们的框架允许绘制到连接半径的图形带宽。为了证明，我们首先显示图表距离函数的定量收敛性声明，在连续体中的测量距离功能。使用“与距离函数的比较”原理，我们可以将这些收敛语句传递给无限谐波函数，绝对最小化Lipschitz扩展。

解决基于图形的方法的半监督学习问题已成为近年来的趋势，因为图表可以代表各种数据，并为差分运算符提供了适当的框架，例如用于研究连续体限制。这里的流行策略是$ p $ -laplacian学习，它在该组未标记的数据上对所寻求的推理功能构成平滑状态。对于$ p <\ infty $ of the infult的$ of theftum，使用$ \ gamma $ -convergence的工具研究了这种方法。对于案件$ p = \ infty $，被称为Lipschitz学习，使用粘度溶液的概念研究了相关无限拉拉披肩方程的连续范围。在这项工作中，我们通过$ \ Gamma $ -Convergence证明了Lipschitz学习的连续内限。特别是，我们定义了一系列功能，该功能近似于图形功能的最大局部嘴唇常数，并以$ l ^ \ idty $ -topology以梯度的高价计算到梯度的$ \ gamma $ -convergence，因为图表变得更密集。此外，我们展示了暗示偶然的功能的紧凑性。在我们的分析中，我们允许改变一组标记的数据，该数据会聚到Hausdorff距离中的一般关闭集。我们将结果应用于非线性地面状态，即，最小化器，具有约束的$ L ^ P $ -Norm，并且作为副产品，证明了Graph距离函数的收敛到Geodeic距离功能。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

With the rise of AI in recent years and the increase in complexity of the models, the growing demand in computational resources is starting to pose a significant challenge. The need for higher compute power is being met with increasingly more potent accelerators and the use of large compute clusters. However, the gain in prediction accuracy from large models trained on distributed and accelerated systems comes at the price of a substantial increase in energy demand, and researchers have started questioning the environmental friendliness of such AI methods at scale. Consequently, energy efficiency plays an important role for AI model developers and infrastructure operators alike. The energy consumption of AI workloads depends on the model implementation and the utilized hardware. Therefore, accurate measurements of the power draw of AI workflows on different types of compute nodes is key to algorithmic improvements and the design of future compute clusters and hardware. To this end, we present measurements of the energy consumption of two typical applications of deep learning models on different types of compute nodes. Our results indicate that 1. deriving energy consumption directly from runtime is not accurate, but the consumption of the compute node needs to be considered regarding its composition; 2. neglecting accelerator hardware on mixed nodes results in overproportional inefficiency regarding energy consumption; 3. energy consumption of model training and inference should be considered separately - while training on GPUs outperforms all other node types regarding both runtime and energy consumption, inference on CPU nodes can be comparably efficient. One advantage of our approach is that the information on energy consumption is available to all users of the supercomputer, enabling an easy transfer to other workloads alongside a raise in user-awareness of energy consumption.

Objective: Thigh muscle group segmentation is important for assessment of muscle anatomy, metabolic disease and aging. Many efforts have been put into quantifying muscle tissues with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging including manual annotation of individual muscles. However, leveraging publicly available annotations in MR images to achieve muscle group segmentation on single slice computed tomography (CT) thigh images is challenging. Method: We propose an unsupervised domain adaptation pipeline with self-training to transfer labels from 3D MR to single CT slice. First, we transform the image appearance from MR to CT with CycleGAN and feed the synthesized CT images to a segmenter simultaneously. Single CT slices are divided into hard and easy cohorts based on the entropy of pseudo labels inferenced by the segmenter. After refining easy cohort pseudo labels based on anatomical assumption, self-training with easy and hard splits is applied to fine tune the segmenter. Results: On 152 withheld single CT thigh images, the proposed pipeline achieved a mean Dice of 0.888(0.041) across all muscle groups including sartorius, hamstrings, quadriceps femoris and gracilis. muscles Conclusion: To our best knowledge, this is the first pipeline to achieve thigh imaging domain adaptation from MR to CT. The proposed pipeline is effective and robust in extracting muscle groups on 2D single slice CT thigh images.The container is available for public use at https://github.com/MASILab/DA_CT_muscle_seg

Reliable application of machine learning-based decision systems in the wild is one of the major challenges currently investigated by the field. A large portion of established approaches aims to detect erroneous predictions by means of assigning confidence scores. This confidence may be obtained by either quantifying the model's predictive uncertainty, learning explicit scoring functions, or assessing whether the input is in line with the training distribution. Curiously, while these approaches all state to address the same eventual goal of detecting failures of a classifier upon real-life application, they currently constitute largely separated research fields with individual evaluation protocols, which either exclude a substantial part of relevant methods or ignore large parts of relevant failure sources. In this work, we systematically reveal current pitfalls caused by these inconsistencies and derive requirements for a holistic and realistic evaluation of failure detection. To demonstrate the relevance of this unified perspective, we present a large-scale empirical study for the first time enabling benchmarking confidence scoring functions w.r.t all relevant methods and failure sources. The revelation of a simple softmax response baseline as the overall best performing method underlines the drastic shortcomings of current evaluation in the abundance of publicized research on confidence scoring. Code and trained models are at https://github.com/IML-DKFZ/fd-shifts.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

Single-cell reference atlases are large-scale, cell-level maps that capture cellular heterogeneity within an organ using single cell genomics. Given their size and cellular diversity, these atlases serve as high-quality training data for the transfer of cell type labels to new datasets. Such label transfer, however, must be robust to domain shifts in gene expression due to measurement technique, lab specifics and more general batch effects. This requires methods that provide uncertainty estimates on the cell type predictions to ensure correct interpretation. Here, for the first time, we introduce uncertainty quantification methods for cell type classification on single-cell reference atlases. We benchmark four model classes and show that currently used models lack calibration, robustness, and actionable uncertainty scores. Furthermore, we demonstrate how models that quantify uncertainty are better suited to detect unseen cell types in the setting of atlas-level cell type transfer.